GRAMMAR : IMPERATIVE
We can use the imperative to give a direct order :
- Take that chewing gum out of your mouth.
- Stand up straight.
- Give me the details.
We can use the imperative to give instructions.
- Open your book.
- Take two tablets every evening.
- Take a left and then a right.
We can use the imperative to make-an invitation.
- Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home.
- Please start without me. I'll be there shortly.
- Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious.
We can use the imperative on signs and notices.
- Push.
- Do not use.
- Insert one dollar.
We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice.
- Speak to him. Tell him how you feel.
- Have a quiet word with her about it.
- Do not go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover.
We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do'.
- Do be quiet.
- Do come.
- Do sit down.
GRAMMAR : DEGREES OF COMPARISON
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English .
They are :
1 . Positive degree .
2 . Comparative degree .
3 . Superlative degree .
Let us see all of them one by one .
1.Positive degree .
When we speak about only one person or thing , We use the Positive degree .
examples :
• This house is big .
In this sentence only one noun "the house " is talked about .
• He is a tall student .
• This flower is beautiful .
• He is an intelligent boy .
Mentioned above each sentence talks about only one noun .
The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is ...
2.Comparative degree .
When we compare two persons or two of Things with each other ,
We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree .
examples :
a. This house is bigger than that one . ( Comparative degree )
This house is not as big as that one . ( Positive degree )
The term " bigger " is comparative version of the term "big " .
Both these sentences Convey the same meaning .
b . This flower is more beautiful than that . ( Comparative )
This flower is not as beautiful as that . ( Positive )
The term " more beautiful " is the comparative version of the term "beautiful " .
Both these sentences Convey the same meaning .
c . He is more intelligent than this boy . ( Comparative )
He is not as intelligent as this boy . ( Positive )
The term " more intelligent " is comparative version of the term " intelligent " .
Both these sentences Convey the same meaning .
d . He is taller than Mr . Hulas . ( Comparative )
He is not as tall as Mr . Hulas . ( Positive )
The term " taller " is comparative version of the term "tall " .
Both these sentences Convey the same meaning .
When we compare more than two persons or Things with one another ,
We use all the three Positive , Comparative and Superlative degrees .
examples :
a. This is the biggest house in this street . ( Superlative )
This house is bigger than any other house in this street . ( Comparative )
No other house in this street is as big as this one . ( Positive )
The term "biggest " is the superlative version of the term "big " .
All the three sentences mean the same meaning .
b . This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden . ( Superlative )
This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden . ( Comparative )
No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one . ( Comparative )
The term "most beautiful " is the superlative version of the term "beautiful " .
All the three sentences mean the same meaning .
c . He is the most intelligent in this class . ( Superlative )
He is more intelligent than other boys in the class . ( Comparative )
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy . ( Positive )
The term "most intelligent " is superlative version of the term " intelligent " .
Both these sentences Convey the same meaning .
d . He is the tallest student in this class . ( Superlative )
He is taller than other students in this class . ( Comparative )
No other student is as tall as this student . ( Positive )
The term " tallest" is superlative version of the term "tall " .
* Degrees of Comparison are applicable only to Adjectives and Adverbs *
* Nouns and verbs do not have degrees of comparisons *
He is the tallest student in the class .
The term " tallest" is an adjective .
Among the members of the group , Mr . Clinton speaks most effectively .
The term " effectively " is an adverb .
All the terms used in the above - examples are either adjectives or adverbs .
We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison .
Let us see their models .
Model -1 : " The best " :
examples :
i . This is the best hotel in this area .
No other hotel is as better as this on in this area .
No other hotel is as good as this one in this area .
ii . Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country .
Unemployment is more than any other serious problems facing our country .
No other problems facing our country is as serious as unemployment .
Model - 2 : " One of the best " :
examples :
i . Calcutta is one of the Largest Cities in India .
Calcutta is large than most other Cities in India .
Very few Cities in India are as large as Calcutta .
ii . Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world .
Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world .
No other Batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar .
Model - 3 : " Not the best " :
examples :
i . This is not the best solution to the problem .
ii . This is not better than few other solutions to this problem .
iii . Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one .
ii . New York is not the largest city in America .
New York is not bigger than many other Cities in America .
Few other Cities in America are at least as large as New York .
Few adjectives and adverbs Comparative get their forms by simply getting " more " before them .
And their superlative terms , by getting "most " before them .
examples :
Beautiful .......... .......... more beautiful most beautiful
Effective .......... ......... more effective most effective
Effectively .......... ......... more effectively most effectively
Enjoyable ............. more enjoyable most enjoyable ..........
Useful ................... more useful most useful ...........
Different ........... more different most different ............
Honest ........... more honest most honest ..............
Qualified ............ ............ more qualified most qualified
Few adjectives and adverbs Comparative get their forms by simply getting " er " after them and their superlative terms , by getting " est " after them .
examples :
Hard ................. ................. harder hardest
................... Big bigger biggest ................
............... ................. Tall taller tallest
Long .................. .................. longer longest
Short ................. shorter shortest ...................
Costly ..................... costlier costliest ...............
...................... Simple Simpler Simplest .............
Degrees of Comparison and varieties add beauty to the sentences .
PERSUADING AND CONVINCING OTHERS
After ' persuade ' we use the structure
to + infinitive :
- I persuaded them to stay for another drink .
- He persuaded her not to take the job .
After ' convince ' we can not use a verb infinitive . We say ' convince someone that' :
- She convinced the police that she was telling the truth .
- He convinced her that it was the right thing to do .
Both of the above sentence would also be correct without 'that' :
- She convinced the police she was telling the truth .
- He convinced her it was the right thing to do .
meaning :
There can also be a subtle difference in meaning between ' convince ' and ' persuade ' , as seen here :
Although Robert finally persuaded his girlfriend to move abroad with him , she was not fully convinced that it was the best thing to do .
In the example , Robert 's girlfriend was persuaded ( to move) but was not convinced ( that it was the correct decision) . So , we can see that when we persuade someone to do something it does not always mean that we have also convinced that person .
One more thing is worth mentioning about ' persuade ' and ' convince ' . If we are absolutely sure about something , I'm convinced we say :
- - Are you sure he 's innocent ?
- - Yes , I'm convinced . NOT I'm persuaded
Some related words :
- convincing ( adjective ) It was a convincing argument .
- persuasive ( adjective ) Marta can be very persuasive when she wants .
- persuasion ( noun ) He used his powers of persuasion
ASKING NECESSITY AND OBLIGATION
Here are some examples of phrases and sentences that can be used to express or
express obligation and the Necessary .
A. Obligation
1 . using adjectives : Obligatory , Compulsory , Needless , Unnecessary
Example Sentence :
2 . Use nouns : Obligation , Compulsion , a Need , Necessity
Example Sentence :
3 . Use Verbs : Oblige
Example Sentence :
4 . Use Capital Auxiliaries : Must , Have to , ought to , Should
Example Sentence :
NOTE :
The word "must " have a very strong sense of ( strong ) . The use of the word " must" is more Likely to have meaning on a must already be an obligation to do .
B. Necessary
Example Sentence :
A. Obligation
1 . using adjectives : Obligatory , Compulsory , Needless , Unnecessary
Example Sentence :
- It is obligatory for the people to Participate in education .
- Entering elementary school is compulsory in Indonesia .
- That's a needless thing to speak with him .
- It's unnecessary to sit under the tree for hours .
- Etc. .
2 . Use nouns : Obligation , Compulsion , a Need , Necessity
Example Sentence :
- There is a legal obligation to enter the army .
- It's compulsion to obey your parents .
- It's a need for everybody to eat nutritious food .
- Is it a necessity for man and woman to sit apart ?
3 . Use Verbs : Oblige
Example Sentence :
- My father obliged me to study every night .
4 . Use Capital Auxiliaries : Must , Have to , ought to , Should
Example Sentence :
- You must obey your parents .
- Every Muslim must pray five times a day .
- I have to go now .
- You ought to repair my watch .
- Those shoes should be repaired .
- I ought to wake up early
- Etc. .
NOTE :
The word "must " have a very strong sense of ( strong ) . The use of the word " must" is more Likely to have meaning on a must already be an obligation to do .
B. Necessary
Example Sentence :
- I think it's not your necessity to follow the party .
- To sleep at noon is being my necessity .
DESCRIBING PROCESS
Let us try to learn the material below :
The Expressions :
I. Beginning
- The first thing you do is ....
- To begin with .....
- To start with ....
- First .....
II . Continuing
- And .....
- Then .....
- And then .....
- Next ..... + Verb in the imperative form
- After this ...... ( infinitive without to )
- Following this .....
- When ( this done ) / ( you've done this) ......
- Once ( this is done ) / ( you've done this) ......
- While ( something else is happening ) .......
III . ending
- Finally .....
- Lastly ......
- To finish .....
example :
How to make an omelette
We need at least 4 eggs per omelette . First , carefully break the eggs into a bowl and season with salt and freshly milled pepper . Then beat them with a fork . After this , heat the oil , not too much heat , just heat it . Then pour the eggs into the hot pan . Carefully tap the pan so that the cooked omelette moves and slightly overlaps the pan edge . And then gently fold this overlap in toward the center it should only go one- third distance . Now arrange your chosen filling in the center of the omelette and finally , fold the other edge in towards the middle .
How to change a spare tire
First the nuts on the wheel should be loosened . The second step is to raise the car with a jack . Next , the nuts are removed and the wheel is taken off . After that , the spare wheel is put on , and the nuts are replaced . Then , the car is lowered to the ground . Finally , make sure the nuts are completely tightened before you drive away .
It can be seen that changing a tire is not difficult . As long as the right equipment is used and the right procedure is Followed , you will be Able to continue your journey quickly intervening .
ASKING AND GIVING SUGGESTIONS
Well there is a way below asking and giving suggestion and also for example :
Asking Suggestions:
- What do you recommend we do about .....?
- What would you advices us to do?
- Do you have any suggestions?
- What would you do about ...?
- What do you think I should do?
- What do you suggest?
- Would you like to .....
- Shall we go ....
Giving Suggestions:
- I would recommend that you ....
- My advice would be to ...
- May I suggest that we ...
- If I were you, I would ....
- I think you should ....
- Maybe you should ...
- Why do not you ...
John : Hi John , would you like to do something with me this weekend ?
Jane : Sure . What shall we do ?
John : I do not know . Do you have any ideas ?
Jane : Why do not we see a movie ?
John : That's sounds good to me . Which movie shall we see ?
Jane : Let's see " Action Man 4 " .
John : I'd rather not . I do not like violent films . How about going to " Mad Doctor Brown " ? I hear it's quite a funny movie .
Jane : OK . Let 's go see that . When is it on ?
John : It 's on at 8 o'clock at the Rex . Shall we have a bite to eat before the movie ?
Jane : Sure , that sounds great . What about going to that new Italian restaurant ' Michetti 's ' ?
John : Great idea ! Let 's meet there at six .
Jane : OK . I'll see you at ' Michetti 's ' at six . Bye .
John : Bye .
EXPRESSING OPINION
- What do you think of ….
- Is that true that ….
- Do you think it’s going …
- Why do they behave like that?
- Do you have any idea?
- How do you like …..?
- Please give me your frank opinion.
- What’s your opinion?
Expressing opinions:
- In my opinion, …..
- I feel ….
- I personally believe …..
- I am certain, sure, positive, convinced.
- I personally think…..
- I agree
- I personally feel …..
- I disagree
- Not everyone will agree with me, but ….
- It seems that ….
- To my mind ….
- Well, personally ….
- From my point of view…..
- If I had my way, I would ….
- As I see it
- What I’m more concerned with is …..
- I think ….
- In my case ….
- I believe……
- Absolutely.
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)
0 komentar